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Practical Skills:
Optical Pins – Reflection Experiment
2025 Physics Lessons
PR – Practical Skills
0 – Basics
0.1 – Readings & Measurements
0.2 – Precision
0.3 – Accuracy
0.4.1 – Implied Values
0.4.2 – Significant Figures
0.4.3 – Decimal Places
0.4.4 – Standard Form
0.5 – Calculations
0.6 – Tables
0.7 – Plotting Graphs
0.8 – Experimental Errors
0.9.1 – Precautions
0.9.2 – Examples of Precautions to Improve Accuracy
0.9.3 – Examples of Precautions to Improve Safety
0.10 – Conversion of Units
0.11.1 – Using Your Calculator
0.11.2 – Data Analysis*
0.12.1 – Experimental Variables
0.12.2 – Experimental Apparatus
0.12.3 – Experimental Procedure
0.12.4 – Linearising Equations
1 – Measurement
1.1 – Physical Quantities & Units
1.2 – Measuring Length
1.2.1 – Rulers & Tape Measures
1.2.2 – Callipers
1.2.3 – Micrometer Screw Gauge
1.3 – Measuring Time
1.3.1 – Stopwatch
1.3.2 – Pendulum
1.4 – Measuring Angles
1.5 – Measuring Mass
1.6 – Measuring Density
2A – Optics: Reflection
2A.0 – Properties of Light
2A.1 – Reflection
2A.2.1 – Properties of Plane Mirror Images
2A.2.2 – Locating Images
2A.3 – The Laws of Reflection
2A.4 – Angle of Deviation
2.5A – Ray Diagrams
2A.5.1 – Cone of Light
2A.5.2 – Reflection of Large Objects
2A.5.3 – Multiple Mirrors
2A.6.1 – Your Own Image
2A.6.2 – Periscope
2B – Optics: Refraction
2B.1 – Introduction to Refraction
2B.2 – The Laws of Refraction
2B.3 – Snell’s Law
2B.4 – Partial Reflections
2B.5 – Critical Angle
2B.6 – Total Internal Reflection
2B.7 – Optical Illusions Due to Refraction
2B.8 – Optical Fibres
2C – Optics: Lenses
2C.1 – Types of Lens
2C.2 – Lens Terminology
2C.3 – Light Passing Through A Lens
2C.4 – Formation Of Images
2C.5 – Solving Lens Problems
2C.6 – Describing Images
2C.7 – Lens Applications
2C.8 – Lens Formula
2C.9 – Human Eye
3 – Kinematics
3.1 – Scalars & Vectors
3.2.1 – Distance
3.2.2 – Displacement
3.3.1 – Speed
3.3.2 – Velocity
3.4 – Acceleration
3.5.1 – Data Table Questions
3.5.2 – Ticker Tape Timer
3.6 – Displacement-Time Graph
3.7 – Velocity-Time Graph
3.8 – Free-Fall
3.9 – Equations of Motion
3.10.1 – Projectile Motion*
4 – Forces & Dynamics
4.1 – Types of Force
4.1.1 – Gravitational Force (Weight)
4.1.2 – Friction
4.1.3 – Air Resistance
4.1.4 – Tension
4.1.5 – Normal Contact Force
4.1.6 – Thrust
4.1.7 – Lift
4.1.8 – Upthrust
4.2 – Free-body Diagram
4.2.1 – Free Body Diagrams: Challenging Examples
4.3 – Balanced & Unbalanced Forces
4.4 – Newton’s First Law
4.5 – Newton’s Second Law
4.5.1 – Terminal Velocity
4.6 – Newton’s Third Law
4.7 – Vector Addition
4.8 – Vector Resolution
4.9 – Circular Motion*
4.10 – Gravitational Fields*
4.11 – Linear Momentum*
5 – Turning Effects
5.1 – Moment of a Force
5.2 – Principle of Moments
5.3 – Centre of Gravity
5.4 – Types of Equilibrium
5.5 – Stability
6 – Work, Energy, Power & Efficiency
6.1 – Energy
6.2 – Principle of Conservation of Energy
6.3 – Work
6.4 – Power
6.5 – Efficiency
6.6 – Renewable and Non-renewable energy
9 – Pressure
9.1 – Pressure
9.2.1 – Hydraulic Systems
9.2.2 – Hydrostatic Pressure
9.3.1 – Atmospheric Pressure
9.3.2 – Barometers
9.3.3 – Manometers
9.4 – Boyle’s Law
9.5 – Ideal Gas Law*
10 – Thermal Physics
10.1 – Temperature
10.2 – Kinetic Model of Matter
10.3 – Transfer of Thermal Energy
10.4 – Internal Energy of a System
10.5 – Heat Capacity & Specific Heat Capacity
10.6 – Latent Heat & Specific Latent Heat
10.7 – Evaporation & Boiling
10.8 – Heating Curves & Cooling Curves
11 – Electromagnetic Waves
12 – Waves & Sound
12.1.1 – Wave Motion
12.1.2 – Wave Terminology
12.1.3 – The Wave Equation
12.2 – Motion of Waves & Particles
12.3.1 – Reflection of Plane Waves
12.3.2 – Refraction of Plane Waves
12.4.1 – Sound
12.4.2 – Production & Transmission of Sound Waves
12.4.3 – Vibrations in a Sound Wave
12.5 – Properties of Sound Waves
12.6 – Speed of Sound
12.7 – Ultrasound & Infrasound
12.8 – Superposition of Waves*
12.9.1 – Stationary vs Progressive Waves*
12.9.2 – Stationary Waves in Stretched Strings*
12.9.3 – Stationary Waves in Open Pipes*
12.9.4 – Stationary Waves in Closed Pipes*
Appendix A – Reading Oscilloscopes
13 – Electrostatics
13.1 – Electrostatics
13.2.1 – Insulators
13.2.2 – Conductors
13.3 – Electric Fields
13.4 – Applications of Electrostatics
13.5 – Coulomb’s Law (Adv)
13.6 – Motion of Charged Particles in Uniform Electric Fields (Adv)
14 – Current of Electricity
14.1 – Charge & Electric Current
14.2.1 – Electromotive Force
14.2.2 – Potential Difference
14.2.3 – Electric Potential*
14.3.1 – Resistance
14.3.2 – Measuring Resistance
14.3.3 – Ohm’s Law
14.4 – Using A Multimeter
15 – D.C. Circuits
15.1 – Circuits
15.2.1 – Series Circuits
15.2.2 – Parallel Circuits
15.2.3 – Circuits with Series & Parallel Components
15.3 – Potential Divider Circuit
15.4.1 – Filament Lamp
15.4.2 – Thermistor
15.4.3 – Light-Dependent Resistor
15.4.4 – Diode
16 – Practical Electricity
161 – Sources of Electrical Energy
16.2 – Electrical Power
16.3 – Electrical Energy
16.4.1 – Mains Electricity
16.4.2 – Mains Wiring
16.4.3 – Dangers of Mains Electricity
16.5.1 – Switches
16.5.2 – Fuses
16.5.3 – Earthing
16.5.4 – Plugs & Sockets
16.5.5 – Circuit Breakers
16.5.6 – Double Insulation
17 – Magnetism
17.1 – Law of Magnetism
17.2 – Properties of Magnetic Materials
17.3 – Magnetisation & Demagnetisation
17.4 – Magnetic Fields
17.5 – Magnetic Shielding
17.6 – Applications of Magnets
18 – Electromagnetism
18.1 – Magnetic Effect of a Current
18.2 – Applications of the Magnetic Effect of a Current
18.3 – Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
18.4 – Force on a Moving Charged Particle
18.5 – Forces between two parallel wires carrying current
18.6 – The D.C. Motor
18.7 – Electromagnetism – Advanced Topics*
19 – Electromagnetic Induction
19.1 – Electromagnetic Induction
19.2 – The A.C. Generator
19.3.1 – Mutual Induction
19.3.2 – The Transformer
19.3.3 – Power Transmission
20 – Radioactivity
20.1 – Structure of the Atom
20.2 – Nuclear Decay
20.3 – Measuring Ionising Radiation
20.4 – Half-life
20.5 – Background Radiation
20.6.1 – Nuclear Fission
20.6.2 – Nuclear Fusion
20.7 – Applications of Radioactivity
20.8 – Hazards of Radioactivity
20.9 – Advanced Physics Extension*
Extra Notes
Extra Notes
Alternative Notes